Master your motivation and your goals become in reach: by living up to your own internal standards, not comparing yourself against others, and by finding ways to express yourself through your job you will feel more engaged and self-motivated.
-Philippe. [Thank You Psychology Today | By Susan Krauss Whitbourne, Ph.D. 11.02.13] The psychology of motivation applies to all of our behavior, from the way we tend to our physical needs to the uplifting inspiration we seek from our loftiest pursuits. Revolutionizing the study of motivation, University of Rochester psychologists Richard Deci and Edward Ryan introduced Self-Determination Theory (SDT) as a way to understand how we can get the most satisfaction out of various realms of behavior from jobs to relationships. Some years ago, Deci and Ryan developed the theory to try to explain why it was that young children became less creative when teachers gave them tangible rewards for their artistic products. This discovery led to the concept of “motivation crowding out,” in which extrinsic (tangible) rewards crowd out the intrinsic (intangible). If you’re rewarded with money or grades for activities that you find inherently pleasurable, then eventually those activities feel like a job. The result is that you lose your creative edge. Perhaps you’ve felt this way when you take one of your prized products of a hobby and enter it into a competition. Instead of taking pride in your craft, you worry about whether it will win first place. If you keep it up, you may find that you’re engaging in the hobby just to compete instead of just enjoying the activity itself. The obvious and unfortunate corollary of motivation crowding out for the workplace is that if people are theoretically less creative when they get paid for their work, then we don’t need to pay them, or not pay them as much. Clearly, this is not a desirable interpretation of the theory from the worker’s point of view (though it may be for owners and managers). In order to accommodate the notion that people actually need to be paid for their work, yet still want to enjoy it intrinsically, SDT had to change. Instead of proposing that people are less creative when they get paid, SDT now proposes that the more internally driven and the more sense of control you have over your work and work conditions, the more enjoyment you’ll derive through intrinsic rewards. To feel intrinsically motivated, you need to feel that your work satisfies your needs for autonomy, feelings of competence, and relatedness or sense of personal meaning.
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Facial Expression Analysis Recognition: a technology for reading emotions on faces can help companies sell candy. Now its creators hope it also can take on bigger problems. This matters because computers generally cannot detect the human emotions that drive many everyday decisions and interactions.
-Philippe. [Thank You MIT Tech Review ! By By David Talbot on 10.28.13] Face code: Using images captured from simple webcams, Affectiva’s software tracks the movement of muscles in the lips, eyebrows, and other parts of the face to determine a person’s emotional state. Last year more than 1,000 people in four countries sat down and watched 115 television ads, such as one featuring anthropomorphized M&M candies boogying in a bar. All the while, webcams pointed at their faces and streamed images of their expressions to a server in Waltham, Massachusetts. In Waltham, an algorithm developed by a startup company called Affectiva performed what is known as facial coding: it tracked the panelists’ raised eyebrows, furrowed brows, smirks, half-smirks, frowns, and smiles. (Watch a video of the technology in action below this story or here.) When this face data was later merged with real-world sales data, it turned out that the facial measurements could be used to predict with 75 percent accuracy whether sales of the advertised products would increase, decrease, or stay the same after the commercials aired. By comparison, surveys of panelists’ feelings about the ads could predict the products’ sales with 70 percent accuracy. Although this was an incremental improvement statistically, it reflected a milestone in the field of affective computing. While people notoriously have a hard time articulating how they feel, now it is clear that machines can not only read some of their feelings but also go a step farther and predict the statistical likelihood of later behavior. Given that the market for TV ads in the United States alone exceeds $70 billion, insights from facial coding are “a big deal to business people,” says Rosalind Picard, who heads the affective computing group at MIT’s Media Lab and cofounded the company; she left the company earlier this year but is still an investor. Even so, facial coding has not yet delivered on the broader, more altruistic visions of its creators. Helping to sell more chocolate is great, but when will facial coding help people with autism read social cues, boost teachers’ ability to see which students are struggling, or make computers empathetic? |
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